Muscle growth is constrained by cellular-level processes—specifically myonuclei accretion and protein synthesis rates—that operate on timescales of months to years, not weeks. Training programme design optimises the stimulus for growth but cannot override these fundamental biological limits. — Photo by Tima Miroshnichenko on Pexels (Pexels License)
MD, MPH, PhD. Editor-in-Chief, Georgian Medical Journal (GMJ). Professor and Head, School of Public Health, David Tvildiani Medical University (DTMU), Tbilisi, Georgia. Chair, Public Health Institute of Georgia (PHIG). President, Accréditation Sans Frontières (ASF), Paris. Secretary/Treasurer, UEMS Section of Public Health. WHO Consultant, Health and Migration, Geneva. Former Member, UN Secretary-General's Independent Accountability Panel for Every Woman, Every Child, Every Adolescent (IAP-EWEC, 2016–2021). ORCID: 0000-0001-7609-4515.
