Recent meta-analytic evidence distils three critical findings that should inform clinical counselling and public health messaging on coffee consumption and cognitive health. First, maximum neuroprotection occurs at 2 to 3 cups daily—an accessible target for most populations. Second, excessive intake of 4 or more cups begins to reverse protective benefits, suggesting that ‘more’ does not equate to ‘better.’ Third, and perhaps most clinically significant, midlife exposure to moderate coffee consumption appears to confer stronger cognitive protection than late-life habits, implying that sustained, moderate consumption patterns established earlier in adulthood may be optimal. These findings underscore the importance of individualised risk assessment and the limitations of observational research in establishing causation. Read the full article on GMJ Newsroom.
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