As HPAI vaccination becomes increasingly widespread, stakeholders should understand three critical developments reshaping global poultry trade. First, over 40 countries are now implementing or considering HPAI vaccination programmes, reflecting growing confidence in vaccination efficacy. Second, the current patchwork of international trade restrictions generates substantial economic losses exceeding $2 billion annually, hitting developing countries particularly hard. Third, WOAH explicitly recommends that trade policies be grounded in scientific evidence rather than precautionary bans. Research published in peer-reviewed journals confirms vaccination safety and effectiveness, supporting the need for standardised, evidence-based international rules. For healthcare professionals, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, these developments highlight the critical intersection of animal health, trade policy, and food security.
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