Ingredient Category: Vitamin (water-soluble)
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble antioxidant essential for collagen biosynthesis, immune defense, and iron absorption [1]. Humans cannot…
Thiamine
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for carbohydrate metabolism, serving as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) for pyruvate…
Riboflavin
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble vitamin that serves as the precursor to the coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and…
Niacin
Niacin (vitamin B3) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two primary forms — nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (niacinamide) —…
Folate
Folate (vitamin B9) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for one-carbon metabolism, DNA synthesis and repair, amino acid metabolism, and methylation…
Cobalamin
Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is a water-soluble cobalt-containing vitamin essential for two enzymatic reactions in humans: methionine synthase (which regenerates methionine…
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) encompasses three interconvertible forms — pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine — all converted to the active coenzyme pyridoxal…
Biotin
Biotin (vitamin B7, formerly vitamin H) is a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a covalently bound prosthetic group for five…