B vitamins play four distinct and complementary roles in supporting cognitive function and brain health. First, vitamins B12 and folate regulate homocysteine metabolism, protecting vascular endothelium and preventing neurovascular dysfunction that accelerates cognitive decline. Second, thiamine and riboflavin power ATP production, the fundamental energy currency fueling neural signaling and synaptic transmission. Third, vitamin B6 is essential for synthesizing critical neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, which regulate mood, motivation, and emotional processing. Finally, B vitamins support myelin integrity and neuronal health through multiple biochemical pathways. Deficiencies in any of these micronutrients are associated with cognitive impairment and reversible neurological symptoms. Ensuring adequate intake through balanced nutrition or targeted supplementation supports both immediate cognitive function and long-term neurological resilience. Healthcare providers should assess micronutrient status in patients with cognitive complaints or neurological symptoms. Read the full article on GMJ Newsroom.
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