Updated 25/05/2026
The largest analysis of male hormones and mortality risk has revealed that testosterone levels alone provide an incomplete picture of cardiovascular and death risk in men. Research by Yeap et al. published in Annals of Internal Medicine in 2024 examining data from 255,830 person-years across nine cohorts found that five different hormones each contribute distinct mortality risks.
Hormone-mortality associations in 255,830 person-years
Strength of association with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
Source: Yeap et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, 2024 | Georgian Medical Journal News
Total testosterone shows limited mortality association
According to the Yeap et al. study, testosterone showed mortality associations only at extremely low concentrations below 213 ng/dL. Dr. Bu Yeap and colleagues from the University of Western Australia analyzed three key outcomes: all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and incident cardiovascular events across the pooled cohorts.
The findings from this observational study in clinical practice show that testosterone replacement therapy decisions often rely primarily on total testosterone measurements. According to the Yeap et al. research, most routine bloodwork panels measure only total testosterone, potentially missing critical risk indicators found in the broader hormone profile.
DHT emerges as strongest mortality predictor
According to the Yeap et al. study, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) demonstrated a U-shaped association with all three outcomes, indicating both low and high levels carry increased risk. This pattern proved more consistent than total testosterone across the pooled analysis of international cohort studies spanning multiple decades.
According to the Yeap et al. research published in Annals of Internal Medicine, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a carrier protein rarely included in standard hormone panels, showed independent associations with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Clinical implications for hormone assessment
According to the Yeap et al. study, luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol each demonstrated associations with all-cause mortality, but only at extreme concentration levels. The research team emphasized that these observational findings cannot establish causation, though they represent the most methodologically rigorous analysis of male hormone-mortality relationships conducted to date.
The study’s scope, encompassing over a quarter-million person-years of follow-up data, provides unprecedented statistical power for detecting mortality associations across the hormone evaluation spectrum.
DHT showed a U-shaped association across all three outcomes, while SHBG was independently associated with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, proving stronger predictors than total testosterone alone.
— Dr. Bu Yeap, University of Western Australia (Annals of Internal Medicine, 2024)
Key takeaways
- According to Yeap et al., total testosterone showed mortality associations only below 213 ng/dL in the largest hormone-mortality study
- According to the study, DHT and SHBG were stronger, more consistent predictors of death and cardiovascular events
- The research suggests standard testosterone-only blood panels may miss critical risk indicators in the five-hormone profile
Frequently asked questions
Should men request DHT and SHBG testing alongside testosterone?
The Yeap et al. study suggests these hormones provide additional risk information beyond total testosterone. However, clinical guidelines have not yet incorporated these findings, so discuss with your physician whether expanded hormone testing is appropriate for your situation.
What testosterone level is considered risky for mortality?
According to the Yeap et al. analysis, mortality associations appeared only at very low levels below 213 ng/dL. Normal ranges typically span 300-1000 ng/dL, suggesting most men within normal limits may not face testosterone-related mortality risk based on this observational data.
Can these hormone levels be modified to reduce mortality risk?
This observational study by Yeap et al. cannot determine whether changing hormone levels would affect mortality outcomes. The associations observed may reflect underlying health conditions rather than direct causal relationships requiring intervention.
The Yeap et al. research establishes a new foundation for understanding male hormone-mortality relationships, potentially informing future clinical guidelines for therapeutic decision-making. As the largest dataset of its kind, these findings warrant consideration in ongoing discussions about optimal approaches to male hormone evaluation and cardiovascular risk stratification.
Source: Major Study Links Five Male Hormones to Mortality Risk Beyond Testosterone
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Medically reviewed by Prof. Giorgi Pkhakadze, MD, MPH, PhD. Spotted an error? Contact the editorial team.
